Kuanzishwa kwa Microfinance,Historia yake nzima

FINANCING DEVELOPMENT

Microfinance - Background

Microfinance consists of the provision of financial services in small increments, typically to very poor people. 

History

The beginnings of the microfinance movement are most closely associated with the economist Muhammed Yunus, who in the early 1970's was a professor in Bangladesh. In the midst of a country-wide famine, he began making small loans to poor families in neighboring villages in an effort to break their cycle of poverty. The experiment was a surprising success, with Yunus receiving timely repayment and observing significant changes in the quality of life for his loan recipients. Unable to self-finance an expansion of his project, he sought governmental assistance, and the Grameen Bank was born.  In order to focus on the very poor, the Bank only lent to households owning less than a half-acre of land. Repayment rates remained high, and the Bank began to spread its operations to other regions of the country. In less than a decade, the Bank was operating independently from its governmental founders and was advertising consistent repayment rates of about 98%. In 2006 Yunus was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

The success of the Grameen Bank did not go unnoticed. Institutions replicating its model sprang up in virtually every region of the globe. Between 1997 and 2002, the total number of MFIs grew from 618 to 2,572. Altogether, these institutions claimed about 65 million clients, up from 13.5 million in 1997 and still growing at 35% a year. The amount of money flowing to clients also continues to climb rapidly and the Grameen Bank has extended over $750 million worth of credit in the past two years alone.

Alongside the explosion of the microfinance industry in absolute terms, there has been a steady growth in private financing for MFIs. The bulk of microfinance funding is still provided by development-oriented international financial institutions and NGO's. Yet estimates place demand for unmet financial services at roughly 1.8 billion individuals. Even at its current growth rates, it is clear that microfinance will only be extended to meet this enormous demand by leveraging private capital, flows of which dwarf all other potential sources. Commercial financing has grown most rapidly in Latin America, where regulated financial institutions now serve 54% of the continent's microfinance clients and, importantly, are now responsible for 74% of the region's loans. Overall, 2005 saw private lending to MFIs jump from $513 million to $981 million.

This jump in investment is a reflection of an increasing number of sustainable MFIs worldwide.  In addition to earning a profit, sustainable microfinance providers are in a better position than their subsidized peers to expand their operations and share of the market. Thus in a study by the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) in which operationally-sustainable MFIs represented only 46% of the sample, they accounted for 77% of borrowers served.  The push towards sustainable institutions and the resulting growth of commercial financing raise some important questions about the true mission of MFIs and how best to expand their reach. These issues are further developed in the materials below.

Benefits of microfinance

The very poor are unusually susceptible to income shocks. Death, illness, natural disaster, or other catastrophes can have devastating effects on households existing at or just above a subsistence level. With no asset base on which to draw in the crisis, they may be forced to severely reduce their level of consumption, which can be dangerous if it means forgoing basic healthcare and nutrition. Additionally, they may sell off important, income producing assets, exacerbating their economic difficulties well into the future.

Financial services that allow poor people to save in times of prosperity and borrow or collect insurance when necessary allow them to maintain a consistent level of consumption without selling off income-producing assets.  Microfinance can also provide an opportunity for expanding or pursuing new business opportunities that allow poor people to increase or diversify the sources of their income.  

It has also been argued by advocates that microfinance can also promote the development of a traditional financial sector. Most obviously, by alleviating poverty, microfinance can deepen the market for more traditional financial services.  In addition, MFIs and their clients can lobby for the creation of clearinghouses for information on borrowers' credit histories, easing of interest rate controls, greater foreign ownership of financial institutions, and opening local capital markets beyond a country's political elite, among other reforms. Such improvements could strengthen the financial sector as a whole, creating a feedback loop that could serve to lift even more families out of poverty.

Microfinance can also generate important non-economic benefits. For instance, many microfinance programs are aimed specifically at women.  It has been suggested that access to financial services enhances women's power and influence in the household. Their ability to make decisions over certain purchases and their new status as important household earners has been linked not only to increased bargaining power, but also to a decreased incidence of domestic violence. (Lower incidences of abuse could also be the result of third party scrutiny from loan officers and, in the case of group lending, fellow borrowers.) Furthermore, the opportunity to pursue business opportunities may make women more likely to use contraceptives and lower fertility rates. 

In addition, many MFIs couple their loan programs with educational efforts.  For example, loan officers may provide information on contraceptive use or disease prevention or domestic economics as well as methods of controlling saving and spending habits and various aspects of small business management.

Challenges associated with lending to the poor

Ultimately, microfinance is designed as a tool to reach impoverish households that are not otherwise served by more traditional financial institutions. There are several reasons why it is difficult to lend money to the poor.

Hidden information

The primary problem with lending to the poor, and the main obstacle that microfinance is designed to overcome, is banks' lack of information about the inherent riskiness of potential clients.  The transaction costs of evaluating individual borrowers are very high relative to the size of the loans likely to be made to poor borrowers.  This means that to cover the expense of screening individual borrowers banks would be forced to charge correspondingly high interest rates to their clients.   Moreover, it is doubtful whether screening will provide accurate information given that potential borrowers have incentives to misrepresent their credit history and the risks of their respective projects. Without accurate information, banks will still charge high rates to cover the frequent incidence of default among the risky borrowers that will inevitably join their client base. Either way, interest rates will be high enough to drive borrowers with safe but relatively low returns out of the market. This problem is referred to as adverse selection.

Governments sometimes respond to this problem by imposing restrictions on interest rates charged by financial institutions in the form of usury laws or interest rate caps. With rates constrained, it would become impossible to provide banking services to the poor without significant and costly subsidies.

Moral hazard

Even borrowers whose projects are not inherently risky may refuse either to use their loans productively or, if they do use the loans productively, to repay their loans if their lenders have no means of enforcing their obligations.  This problem of moral hazard may arise because, for instance, local judges are biased in favor of debtors or police forces are stretched too thin to provide assistance. This problem can be exacerbated by competition among lenders, as in the absence of competition a lender can encourage repayment by refusing to provide future credit.

Absence of  credit history

In societies with developed credit markets, problems stemming from inadequate information and moral hazard are mitigated by the fact that lenders routinely investigate borrowers' credit histories. . A record of a borrower's repayment history provides lenders with valuable information about the likelihood of future repayment.  In addition, the ability to tarnish a borrower's credit history and thereby limit the borrower's access to future credit provides lenders with leverage that they can use to induce repayment.

Lack of collateral

Another response to problems of hidden information is to require that borrowers provide collateral, meaning an asset that the lender can easily seize and, perhaps, sell in the event of default.  This allows banks to charge low interest rates even in the face of poor information about the borrower's prospects.  But many of the impoverished borrowers that microfinance seeks to reach lack assets that can effectively serve as collateral. When they do have assets, they have are often illiquid. Livestock, for example, is not only subject to destruction, but can be very difficult to convert on the market for a traditional bank inexperienced in selling it. Furthermore, among these sorts of clients the only assets they have may be critical to their means of subsistence and legal or ethical restrictions may prevent banks from foreclosing upon them.

Typical features of microcredit

MFIs employ several innovative contractual devices, including group lending, progressive lending, short-term contracts, and targeting of women, in efforts to overcome the obstacles that have traditionally discouraged lending to the poor. 

Group lending

Perhaps the most important of the microfinance innovations, and certainly the one for which it has received the most recognition, is lending to solidarity groups. Though many MFIs have departed from it, the original Grameen model required that loans not be made to individuals or singular families, but instead to a solidarity group of five women. As each group member was required to vouch for the creditworthiness of the others, these women were all likely to be from the same village and would self-select one another for membership. All members received equal financing and made repayments on the same, fixed schedule. Most importantly, if one member of the group defaulted on their payments, no other member of the group could apply for another loan until the default was cured.

Group lending provides several benefits to both lenders and borrowers:

• When the members of the group are self-selected from the same village, their knowledge of one another's habits and awareness of each member's propensity for risk will largely obviate extensive screening by the lender. Safe borrowers will select one another for membership and the MFI can avoid a highly costly and inaccurate interview process. Additionally, risky borrowers will be forced to select one another. As they will have to pay more often for their frequently defaulting peers, they will indirectly pay a higher effective interest rate. The risk for such borrowers is thus shifted from the MFI to the borrowers themselves. As a result, a lower nominal interest rate can be charged to all parties and a much wider segment of society can gain access to credit.

• The group members can also monitor one another much more effectively than the lender,  and group lending gives them an economic incentive to do so. This monitoring can take two forms, the first being ex ante observation to ensure that group members are putting their money towards appropriate uses. Ex post, members will also ensure that returns from a loan-funded project are going towards repayment. They can report to the MFI on members who are withholding payments despite an ability to pay.

• Group members can help lenders overcome limitations of formal mechanisms for enforcing obligations.  Members are able to exert pressure on each other, be it social, cultural, or even religious, that traditional institutions are unable to bring to bear. Also, under the Grameen model, a solidarity group of 5 women was a part of a larger village group, allowing for community leaders to pressure defaulting borrowers into repayment.

It is important to note though that borrowers only have incentives to screen and monitor their fellow group members if they expect to repay their own loan and obtain additional funding in the future. To the extent they plan to default, these incentives are no longer in place. Furthermore, if the group's losses are expected to outweigh the borrower's return on their own investment, the borrower has to no reason to attempt to cover those losses. She will lose all of her own profits, but as the loan will not be paid in full, she will see none of the gains that come with timely repayment, namely an increased loan amount in the next cycle. Additionally, borrowers may not be able to effectively evaluate either the inherent riskiness of their partners or the riskiness of each others' projects.

Progressive lending

Some MFIs adopt the policy that once a debt is repaid in a timely fashion the group will be eligible not only for a new loan, but for a larger loan as well. This structure creates opportunity costs for non-repayment, as a borrower stands to lose substantial future credit if they chose to default. A loan-ladder also gives MFIs the opportunity to “test” their borrowers with smaller loan packages, helping the institution to gather information about their potential clients. As loan sizes increase, the average costs of servicing those loans decrease, making the MFI itself more profitable. Although there is still opportunity for a borrower to strategically default, waiting until loan sizes have grown substantially larger before failing to make payments, the reputational constraints discussed above operate to reduce the frequency of this problem.

Short-term contracts

Finally, in yet another substitute for an MFI's lack of information about its clients, most microfinance loans have very short repayment periods, with cycles lasting as little as a week. As each payment is made directly to an officer of the MFI, these frequent meetings assist in monitoring investments and keeping track of repayment. Keeping the loan size small also limits the MFIs exposure in the event of borrower default or economic shock to a particular group or village. It is also important to observe that many microfinance clients report that they find it easier to repay their loans on shorter schedules.

Targeting women

Empirical evidence has demonstrated that women are more effective targets for microfinance than men, despite the fact that men are typically the targets of formal sector commercial institutions in developing countries. Women are not only more likely to repay their loans, they are also more likely to spend loan proceeds on their families basic needs, education, and health care, leading to a greater impact on household welfare. It has been suggested that women provide better targets for microfinance for a variety of reasons: They are typically less mobile than their husbands. As a result, the monitoring costs for bank managers is lower. Because they are less mobile, they are also more susceptible to the peer pressure that is critical to securing repayment in group lending contracts. Finally, as women have been traditionally relegated to small industry, they have a comparative advantage in the very businesses to which microfinance is targeted. While microfinance could thus, arguably, be seen to further entrench women in their traditional roles, as a counterargument these women have few opportunities outside of the home. Microfinance allows them to take the fullest advantage of chances that are available to them, limited as they may be.

Beyond microcredit

While the terms microcredit and microfinance are often used interchangeably, microfinance in fact encompasses a broad range of activities outside of lending.   Many MFIs have expanded beyond microcredit to offer services such as savings devices, insurance, and in some instances, sales and marketing assistance specially tailored to meet the needs of the very poor.

Savings and deposit taking

There are a number of reasons why poor people find it difficult to save.   Some people may lack a structured disciplined method of saving.  Others may have difficulty controlling the consumption habits of other members of their household.  This problem is particularly acute for women, who often have no control over household spending.  Moreover, for those who are interested in saving, the only mechanisms available may be investments in illiquid assets that deprive them of the ability to take advantage of new investment opportunities or respond to sudden setbacks.  In addition, those assets may themselves be risky investments.   For example, investments in livestock are susceptible to the risks of disease and drought.  Meanwhile, more liquid assets such as cash and jewelry are susceptible to the risk of theft. 

A number of MFIs require that borrowers contribute a small portion of their earnings to a savings vehicle, often in small amounts on a frequent basis. These savings will often be unavailable to the borrower for a predetermined period and are designed to help microfinance clients develop effective savings habits.  Alternatively, an MFI may allow its clients to make voluntary deposits.  These deposits are intended to be safer and more liquid than alternative savings instruments. 

It is important to recognize that these kinds of savings plans also serve the interests of MFIs by allowing them to accumulate capital and, because the deposits can be seized in the event of default, collateralize the debt obligations of their borrowers.

Microinsurance

Offering insurance services to poor people presents many of the same challenges as offering them credit.  The difficulty of assessing the risk associated with individual clients makes insurers vulnerable to adverse selection, with the most most risky clients seeking insurance.  Meanwhile, the difficulty of preventing clients from engaging in risky activities after they have been insured raises the problem of moral hazard.

In many developing countries informal mutual assistance schemes serve as a form of insurance.  It is also possible to conceive of group lending as a form of insurance.   A few microlenders have insured their clients as part of a loan package. Life insurance, perhaps because it presents the least moral hazard, has been the most successful, but property, health, and weather insurance have also been offered.

Empirical studies

There is conflicting data about the true value of microfinance as a development tool. While many MFIs advertise high repayment rates and a better quality of life for their clients, the evidence that microfinance creates appreciable reductions in poverty is inconclusive. To make a significant impact, microfinance must be made available to a very broad segment of society, and be coupled with  entrepreneurial ability on the part of MFI clients. Faced with these sobering difficulties, much of the euphoria of the movement's early days has dissipated, and few now see microfinance, on its own, as a panacea for global poverty. Despite this emerging sense of realism, there is still a relatively broad consensus that providing financial services to the poor  has tangible economic benefits, even if not the instant alleviation of client poverty.        

Regulatory issues

Interest rates

Microfinance institutions may often be forced to charge higher interest rates than their traditional counterparts. Rates are generally higher because an MFI faces greater costs. Traveling to clients, meeting with them, and making and keeping track of larger numbers of small loans all serve to create costs well beyond those faced by a typical bank in a highly evolved credit market. As a result, capping interest rates or strictly enforcing usury laws can cripple an MFI by preventing it from charging sustainable rates. MFIs can operate under such laws if they remain unenforced or if there is an implicit exception for their operations, but this kind of informal non-enforcement is both awkward to defend from a rule-of-law perspective and subject to potential corruption.

Protection of depositors

Once an institution begins taking the savings of its clients as opposed to providing credit from other sources, regulatory issues arise. If an MFI is being run as a for-profit institution then its owners have an incentive to take great risks with their depositors' money. Without any of their own assets invested in the institution, rather than investing prudently they could rationally be expected to seek the largest return possible. Such management will be likely lead to a high incidence of MFI failure that will not only undermine the economic progression of microfinance clients, but could also serve to discredit the entire industry. Circumstances may therefore require the regulation of deposit-taking MFIs. Yet creating an effective regulatory regime with an eye toward the goals of microfinance presents significant challenges in itself. These issues are discussed further below.  

An MFI also faces the same problems with taking small deposits as a traditional bank. Its transactions costs will be high and earning profits on small deposits will be difficult. It should be noted, though, that many MFI clients are not seeking returns on their deposits, but instead merely require a safe place to keep their money. As they grow more sophisticated, though, they may ultimately demand interest on their savings. Fortunately, an MFI can charge much higher interest rates on its loans than its traditional counterparts. Its impoverished clients enjoy a much higher rate of return on their investments, thus, using deposits to capitalize loans to its clients can provide the returns necessary to make deposit-taking profitable for an MFI. This solution assumes that the MFI itself can control the costs of its operation sufficiently to avoid large deficits. One of the reasons MFIs are so popular is that they provide great convenience to their clients, both by meeting them in their respective villages and by providing flexible loan structures. That convenience  requires a large and devoted staff and prevents the MFI from taking advantage of standardization as a means of keeping costs down. Cost control is thus a general problem for MFIs, but can be particularly problematic for institutions that seek to fund themselves with client deposits, as taking deposits will further inflate those costs, and the MFI will be hard-pressed to earn sufficient returns.

There are several forms that such a regime might take.  A special regulatory “window” can be created for MFIs, allowing them access to deposits and the local credit market without some of the strict reporting or capital requirements that are given to traditional institutions. Alternatively, MFIs can fall under the purview of existing banking regulations, or regulators can make individualized exceptions to those regulations.

Obstacles to enforcement

Given their small size and dispersion, monitoring MFIs would be a challenging task even for regulators in a developed financial market with an excellent informational infrastructure. In a developing economy, with limited regulatory resources, effective observance and control will be even more difficult.  Collecting and processing data may be prohibitively expensive - for either the MFI or the regulators - or simply a poor use of a central banking authority's time and energy, as the collapse of smaller MFIs is unlikely to affect macroeconomic stability.  

Additionally, as most MFIs are not funded by profit-oriented investors, regulators lose some of their most important forms of leverage. Specifically, mandating capital adequacy ratios becomes ineffective as means of encouraging managers to closely monitor the performance of their institution, as it is not the managers' equity on the line. Nor can a supervisor make capital calls of donors or NGO's. These institutions often lack further resources, or might refuse further participation in microfinance altogether if they would be responsible for recapitalizing failed institutions. Halting lending will remove an important incentive for an MFI's clients to continue their payments, exacerbating the financial trouble of the target institution.

Subsidies

While the ultimate goal of microfinance is self-sustainable services for the poor, subsidies can play an important role. The start-up costs of establishing an MFI can be significant, and might require extremely high interest rates during its first few years of operation. As a result, subsidies can be an effective method of getting MFIs off the ground, and can be provided through soft loans from a country's apex organizations (second tier lenders providing cheap, government credit to private retailers), tax breaks, technical assistance, and direct financial support. There may also be some cases in which populations are simply too expensive to reach, either due to geographic isolation or the extremely small loan sizes that their service would entail. In these situations, microfinance subsidies may be more effective than other, more direct forms of aid to their beneficiaries.  However, there is always a risk of subsidizing ineffective or inefficient MFIs and thereby crowding out more efficient institutions.

The challenges of commercialization

The fact that substantial amounts of low-cost funding for microfinance is available from the international donor community has limited MFIs' demand for commercial financing.  Both commercial actors and donors tend to be most interested in investing in large, successful MFIs.  Nonetheless, some MFIs have begun to seek capital from profit-seeking investors.

Tapping commercial sources of financing dramatically expands MFIs' access to capital.  Profit-seeking investors may also be more strongly inclined than donors to encourage MFIs to improve their efficiency.

On the other hand, MFIs that focus on maximizing returns for their investors may experience mission drift, in other words, they may find themselves drawn away from their focus on serving the very poor.  For instance, they may find themselves drawn toward wealthier borrowers who are cheaper to service because they can provide collateral and require larger loans.  In a worst case scenario, MFIs may attempt to take advantage of regulatory windows or donations to compete with traditional institutions that are already serving the middle income market. Then they will not only fail to serve their target market, but also drive out efficient credit providers

One strategy some MFIs have pursued in order to counter the problem of mission drift is to seek “socially oriented” investors

Source:

INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL LAW AND JUSTICE

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ADMISSION INTO POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMMES FOR 2016/2017 ACADEMIC YEAR

                         UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM OFFICE OF THE DEPUTY VICE

CHANCELLOR - ACADEMIC DIRECTORATE OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES ADMISSION INTO POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMMES FOR 2016/2017 ACADEMIC YEAR

The University of Dar es Salaam invites applications for admission into its postgraduate programmes for the 2016/2017 Academic Year. Minimum Admission Requirements

 1. Postgraduate Diploma At least a Bachelor Degree, Advanced Diploma or its equivalent from a recognized institution of higher learning. Candidates with equivalent qualifications must also possess at least Secondary School Certificates with three credit passes. Duration: 12 months. 

2. Master’s Degree (i) An honours Bachelor’s degree or equivalent qualifications. Applicants who hold unclassified degrees (e.g. B.V. Sc. M.D. etc.) should have a credit or distinction in the subject of the intended Master’s programme. Candidates with Pass degrees will also be considered if:- a) Their undergraduate performance in the proposed subject of study was a ‘B’ grade or higher. b) They have satisfied the relevant School/College/Institute that they have exhibited potential through subsequent research experience and/or additional training. (ii) An Advanced Diploma from a recognized higher learning institution with a minimum of an upper second class PLUS Postgraduate Diploma and Secondary School Certificates. (iii) A recognized professional qualification (CPA, CSP, ACCA, CA, CIB, MCIM, CMA certificate) PLUS Secondary School Certificates. Duration: 15-27 months, depending on the programme and mode of delivery. 3. 

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Degree Applicants must have a good relevant Masters degree of the University of Dar es Salaam or from any other recognised University by TCU. Duration: 36-60 months, depending on the programme and mode of delivery 

  Download from here

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DIVERSIFICATION IS FOR SUCKERS

Diversification is for suckers

Just ask any billionaire, if they got there by diversifying. 

“Keep all your eggs in one basket, but watch that basket closely.” - Warren Buffett

Warren Buffett has often said, "I could improve your ultimate financial welfare by giving you a ticket with only twenty slots in it so that you had twenty punches - representing all the investments that you got to make in a lifetime. And once you'd punched through the card, you couldn't make any more investments at all. Under those rules, you'd really think carefully about what you did, and you'd be forced to load up on what you'd really thought about. So you'd do so much better."
Why? Too often investors throw money around like scattering seed, saying to themselves, "I'll throw a little here and little there to see what happens." Instead, Buffett advocates a policy of finding the best and richest soil, planting substantial amount of seed in it, and protecting it. This policy may sound simple, and it is. It also can be life changing. Lou Simpson, one of the best investors in the world and head of GEICO's equity portfolio, once said that this particular Buffett strategy helped him enormously in his record of crushing the market over several decades.

If you rank your best investment ideas and kill the lower grade ones (in terms of risk/return & certainty), you are inevitably going to improve your performance. Greenbalt in one of his studies says, adding more than 6-8 stocks to your portfolio has little impact in reducing portfolio volatility. You are much better off with smaller number of stocks that you understand.

Happy Investing. You will do well

Hakuna mtu anayeweza kuendelea kwakuwekeza vtu vingiiiiiiiiiii! be specific either to 2/3 ambavyo unaweza kuvimudu, sio kila sehemu kidogo kidogo.

mfano. 
1.unakuwa na kibanda cha chips pasua kichwa
2. mtu wa boda boda
3. stationary
4.duka la bidhaa
5. upo shule
6.unauza maji
 :) usifurahishe uma, fanya mawili au matatu unayoweza kwanza kwa ustadi kisha fungua nahayo mengine ukishayaweza hayo machache. kwani usipoweza kufanya vzr machache utaishia kulalamika nakuona kazi zako zinakutesa.

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MATOKEO KIDATO CHA NNE 2014

Hongera kwa waliofauru.
tuwape ushauri walio fail.
Sitaki niseme chochote lakn wewe mwenyewe ukiyaona unaweza kusema neno.
bofya hapa kuona matokeo

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WAYS TO STOP WORRING AND LIVE STRESS FREE

“Worry does not empty tomorrow of its sorrow, it empties today of its strength.”
Leo Buscaglia
“Worry often gives a small thing a big shadow.”
Swedish Proverb
Winston Churchill: “When I look back on all these worries, I remember the story of the old man who said on his deathbed that he had had a lot of trouble in his life, most of which had never happened.”
I have found it to be very true in my own life.
So when you feel worries starting to pop up ask yourself this:
How many of the things I feared would happen in my life did actually happen?
If you are anything like me then the answer will be: very few. And the very few ones that actually happened were mostly not as painful or terrible as I had expected.
Worries are most often just monsters you build in your own mind.
I find that asking myself this question regularly and reminding myself of how little of the worries that actually came to life makes easier and easier to stay calm and to stop a worried thought before it becomes a big snowball of negativity.

                                             START FROM HERE!
Worrying can be helpful when it spurs you to take action and solve a problem. But if you’re preoccupied with “what ifs” and worst-case scenarios, worry becomes a problem. Unrelenting doubts and fears can be paralyzing. They can sap your emotional energy, send your anxiety levels soaring, and interfere with your daily life. But chronic worrying is a mental habit that can be broken. You can train your brain to stay calm and look at life from a more positive perspective. 
Constant worrying takes a heavy toll. It keeps you up at night and makes you tense and edgy during the day. You hate feeling like a nervous wreck. So why is it so difficult to stop worrying?
For most chronic worriers, the anxious thoughts are fueled by the beliefs—both negative and positive—they hold about worrying.
On the negative side, you may believe that your constant worrying is harmful, that it’s going to drive you crazy or affect your physical health. Or you may worry that you’re going to lose all control over your worrying—that it will take over and never stop.
On the positive side, you may believe that your worrying helps you avoid bad things, prevents problems, prepares you for the worst, or leads to solutions.
Negative beliefs, or worrying about worrying, add to your anxiety and keep worry going. But positive beliefs about worrying can be just as damaging. It’s tough to break the worry habit if you believe that your worrying protects you. In order to stop worry and anxiety for good, you must give up your belief that worrying serves a positive purpose. Once you realize that worrying is the problem, not the solution, you can regain control of your worried mind.

Why you keep worrying

You have mixed feelings about your worries. On one hand, your worries are bothering you—you can't sleep, and you can't get these pessimistic thoughts out of your head. But there is a way that these worries make sense to you. For example, you think:

• Maybe I'll find a solution.
• I don't want to overlook anything.
• If I keep thinking a little longer, maybe I'll figure it out.
• I don't want to be surprised.
• I want to be responsible.

You have a hard time giving up on your worries because, in a sense, your worries have been working for you.
Source: The Worry Cure: Seven Steps to Stop Worry from Stopping You by Robert L. Leahy, Ph.D.

Worry and anxiety self-help tip #1: Create a worry period

It’s tough to be productive in your daily life when anxiety and worry are dominating your thoughts. But what can you do? If you’re like many chronic worriers, your anxious thoughts feel uncontrollable. You’ve tried lots of things, from distracting yourself, reasoning with your worries, and trying to think positive, but nothing seems to work.

Why trying to stop anxious thoughts doesn’t work

Telling yourself to stop worrying doesn’t work—at least not for long. You can distract yourself or suppress anxious thoughts for a moment, but you can’t banish them for good. In fact, trying to do so often makes them stronger and more persistent.
You can test this out for yourself. Close your eyes and picture a pink elephant. Once you can see the pink elephant in your mind, stop thinking about it. Whatever you do, for the next five minutes, don’t think about pink elephants!
How did you do? Did thoughts of pink elephants keep popping in your brain?
“Thought stopping” backfires because it forces you to pay extra attention to the very thought you want to avoid. You always have to be watching for it, and this very emphasis makes it seem even more important.
But that doesn’t mean there’s nothing you can do to control your worry. You just need to try a different approach. This is where the strategy of postponing worrying comes in. Rather than trying to stop or get rid of an anxious thought, give yourself permission to have it, but put off thinking any more about it until later.

Learning to postpone worrying:

1. Create a “worry period.” Choose a set time and place for worrying. It should be the same every day (e.g. in the living room from 5:00 to 5:20 p.m.) and early enough that it won’t make you anxious right before bedtime. During your worry period, you’re allowed to worry about whatever’s on your mind. The rest of the day, however, is a worry-free zone.
2. Postpone your worry. If an anxious thought or worry comes into your head during the day, make a brief note of it on paper and postpone it to your worry period. Remind yourself that you’ll have time to think about it later, so there’s no need to worry about it right now. Save it for later and continue to go about your day.
3. Go over your “worry list” during the worry period. Reflect on the worries you wrote down during the day. If the thoughts are still bothering you, allow yourself to worry about them, but only for the amount of time you’ve specified for your worry period. If the worries don’t seem important any more, cut your worry period short and enjoy the rest of your day.

Postponing worrying is effective because it breaks the habit of dwelling on worries in the present moment. Yet there’s no struggle to suppress the thought or judge it. You simply save it for later. As you develop the ability to postpone your anxious thoughts, you’ll start to realize that you have more control over your worrying than you think.

Worry and anxiety self-help tip #2: Ask yourself if the problem is solvable

Research shows that while you’re worrying, you temporarily feel less anxious. Running over the problem in your head distracts you from your emotions and makes you feel like you’re getting something accomplished. But worrying and problem solving are two very different things.
Problem solving involves evaluating a situation, coming up with concrete steps for dealing with it, and then putting the plan into action. Worrying, on the other hand, rarely leads to solutions. No matter how much time you spend dwelling on worst-case scenarios, you’re no more prepared to deal with them should they actually happen.

Distinguish between solvable and unsolvable worries

If a worry pops into your head, start by asking yourself whether the problem is something you can actually solve. The following questions can help:

• Is the problem something you’re currently facing, rather than an imaginary what-if?
• If the problem is an imaginary what-if, how likely is it to happen? Is your concern realistic?
• Can you do something about the problem or prepare for it, or is it out of your control?

Productive, solvable worries are those you can take action on right away. For example, if you’re worried about your bills, you could call your creditors to see about flexible payment options. Unproductive, unsolvable worries are those for which there is no corresponding action. “What if I get cancer someday?” or “What if my kid gets into an accident?”
If the worry is solvable, start brainstorming. Make a list of all the possible solutions you can think of. Try not to get too hung up on finding the perfect solution. Focus on the things you have the power to change, rather than the circumstances or realities beyond your control. After you’ve evaluated your options, make a plan of action. Once you have a plan and start doing something about the problem, you’ll feel much less worried.

Dealing with unsolvable worries

But what if the worry isn’t something you can solve? If you’re a chronic worrier, the vast majority of your anxious thoughts probably fall in this camp. In such cases, it’s important to tune into your emotions.
As previously mentioned, worrying helps you avoid unpleasant emotions. Worrying keeps you in your head, thinking about how to solve problems rather than allowing yourself to feel the underlying emotions. But you can’t worry your emotions away. While you’re worrying, your feelings are temporarily suppressed, but as soon as you stop, the tension and anxiety bounces back. And then, you start worrying about your feelings, “What’s wrong with me? I shouldn’t feel this way!”
The only way out of this vicious cycle is by learning to embrace your feelings. This may seem scary at first because of negative beliefs you have about emotions. For example, you may believe that you should always be rational and in control, that your feelings should always make sense, or that you shouldn’t feel certain emotions, such as fear or anger.
The truth is that emotions—like life—are messy. They don’t always make sense and they’re not always pleasant. But as long as you can accept your feelings as part of being human, you’ll be able to experience them without becoming overwhelmed and learn how to use them to your advantage. The following tips will help you find a better balance between your intellect and your emotions.

Worry and anxiety self-help tip #3: Accept uncertainty

The inability to tolerate uncertainty plays a huge role in anxiety and worry. Chronic worriers can’t stand doubt or unpredictability. They need to know with 100 percent certainty what’s going to happen. Worrying is seen as a way to predict what the future has in store—a way to prevent unpleasant surprises and control the outcome. The problem is, it doesn’t work.
Thinking about all the things that could go wrong doesn’t make life any more predictable. You may feel safer when you’re worrying, but it’s just an illusion. Focusing on worst-case scenarios won’t keep bad things from happening. It will only keep you from enjoying the good things you have in the present. So if you want to stop worrying, start by tackling your need for certainty and immediate answers.

Challenging intolerance of uncertainty: The key to anxiety relief

Ask yourself the following questions and write down your responses. See if you can come to an understanding of the disadvantages and problems of being intolerant of uncertainty.

• Is it possible to be certain about everything in life?
• What are the advantages of requiring certainty, versus the disadvantages? Or, how is needing certainty in life helpful and unhelpful?
• Do you tend to predict bad things will happen just because they are uncertain? Is this a reasonable thing to do? What is the likelihood of positive or neutral outcomes?
• Is it possible to live with the small chance that something negative may happen, given its likelihood is very low?

Adapted from: Accepting Uncertainty, Centre for Clinical Interventions

Worry and anxiety self-help tip #4: Challenge anxious thoughts

If you suffer from chronic anxiety and worries, chances are you look at the world in ways that make it seem more dangerous than it really is. For example, you may overestimate the possibility that things will turn out badly, jump immediately to worst-case scenarios, or treat every negative thought as if it were fact. You may also discredit your own ability to handle life’s problems, assuming you’ll fall apart at the first sign of trouble. These irrational, pessimistic attitudes are known as cognitive distortions.
Although cognitive distortions aren’t based on reality, they’re not easy to give up. Often, they’re part of a lifelong pattern of thinking that’s become so automatic you’re not even completely aware of it. In order to break these bad thinking habits and stop the worry and anxiety they bring, you must retrain your brain.
Start by identifying the frightening thought, being as detailed as possible about what scares or worries you. Then, instead of viewing your thoughts as facts, treat them as hypotheses you’re testing out. As you examine and challenge your worries and fears, you’ll develop a more balanced perspective.

Stop worry by questioning the worried thought:

• What’s the evidence that the thought is true? That it’s not true?
• Is there a more positive, realistic way of looking at the situation?
• What’s the probability that what I’m scared of will actually happen?
• If the probability is low, what are some more likely outcomes?
• Is the thought helpful? How will worrying about it help me and how will it hurt me?
• What would I say to a friend who had this worry?

Cognitive Distortions that Add to Anxiety, Worry, and Stress
All-or-nothing thinking - Looking at things in black-or-white categories, with no middle ground. “If I fall short of perfection, I’m a total failure.”
Overgeneralization - Generalizing from a single negative experience, expecting it to hold true forever. “I didn’t get hired for the job. I’ll never get any job.”
The mental filter - Focusing on the negatives while filtering out all the positives. Noticing the one thing that went wrong, rather than all the things that went right.
Diminishing the positive - Coming up with reasons why positive events don’t count. “I did well on the presentation, but that was just dumb luck.”
Jumping to conclusions - Making negative interpretations without actual evidence. You act like a mind reader, “I can tell she secretly hates me.” Or a fortune teller, “I just know something terrible is going to happen.”
Catastrophizing - Expecting the worst-case scenario to happen. “The pilot said we’re in for some turbulence. The plane’s going to crash!”
Emotional reasoning - Believing that the way you feel reflects reality. “I feel frightened right now. That must mean I’m in real physical danger.”
'Shoulds’ and ‘should-nots’ - Holding yourself to a strict list of what you should and shouldn’t do and beating yourself up if you break any of the rules
Labeling - Labeling yourself based on mistakes and perceived shortcomings. “I’m a failure; an idiot; a loser.”
Personalization - Assuming responsibility for things that are outside your control. “It’s my fault my son got in an accident. I should have warned him to drive carefully in the rain.”

Worry and anxiety self-help tip # 5: Be aware of how others affect you

How you feel is affected by the company you keep, whether you’re aware of it or not. Studies show that emotions are contagious. We quickly “catch” moods from other people—even from strangers who never speak a word (e.g. the terrified woman sitting by you on the plane; the fuming man in the checkout line). The people you spend a lot of time with have an even greater impact on your mental state.

• Keep a worry diary. You may not be aware of how people or situations are affecting you. Maybe this is the way it’s always been in your family, or you’ve been dealing with the stress so long that it feels normal. You may want to keep a worry diary for a week or so. Every time you start to worry, jot down the thought and what triggered it. Over time, you’ll start to see patterns.
• Spend less time with people who make you anxious. Is there someone in your life who drags you down or always seems to leave you feeling stressed? Think about cutting back on the time you spend with that person or establish healthier relationship boundaries. For example, you might set certain topics off-limits, if you know that talking about them with that person makes you anxious.
• Choose your confidantes carefully. Know who to talk to about situations that make you anxious. Some people will help you gain perspective, while others will feed into your worries, doubts, and fears.

Worry and anxiety self-help tip #6: Practice mindfulness

Worrying is usually focused on the future—on what might happen and what you’ll do about it. The centuries-old practice of mindfulness can help you break free of your worries by bringing your attention back to the present. In contrast to the previous techniques of challenging your anxious thoughts or postponing them to a worry period, this strategy is based on observing and then letting them go. Together, they can help you identify where your thinking is causing problems, while helping you get in touch with your emotions.

• Acknowledge and observe your anxious thoughts and feelings. Don’t try to ignore, fight, or control them like you usually would. Instead, simply observe them as if from an outsider’s perspective, without reacting or judging.
• Let your worries go. Notice that when you don’t try to control the anxious thoughts that pop up, they soon pass, like clouds moving across the sky. It’s only when you engage your worries that you get stuck.
• Stay focused on the present. Pay attention to the way your body feels, the rhythm of your breathing, your ever-changing emotions, and the thoughts that drift across your mind. If you find yourself getting stuck on a particular thought, bring your attention back to the present moment.

Using mindfulness meditation to stay focused on the present is a simple concept, but it takes practice to reap the benefits. At first, you’ll probably find that your mind keeps wandering back to your worries. Try not to get frustrated. Each time you draw your focus back to the present, you’re reinforcing a new mental habit that will help you break free of the negative worry cycle.

Source: help quid.org
MANAGE STRESS AND LIVE HAPPY 

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MGOGOLO WA WARIOBA NA WASILA SASA UPO WAZI, K

Steven Wasira
Na Daniel Mjema, Mwananchi Dodoma.
Waziri wa Nchi, Ofisi ya Rais (Uhusiano na Uratibu), Stephen Wasira amesema mgogoro wake na Jaji Joseph Warioba uliotokana na kura za maoni ndani ya CCM katika Uchaguzi Mkuu wa mwaka 1995, ndiyo uliomsukuma kujitoa chama tawala na kujiunga na NCCR-Mageuzi. Hata hivyo, katika mahojiano maalumu na gazeti hili, Wasira ambaye pia ni Mbunge wa Bunda (CCM) amesema hajutii uamuzi wake huo kwa kuwa anaamini historia imeandikwa. Wasira aliingia kwenye mgogoro na Jaji Warioba wakati mwanasheria huyo akiwa waziri mkuu na makamu wa kwanza wa rais katika Serikali ya awamu ya pili na Wasira akiwa Waziri wa Kilimo. Wasira alisema hakwenda NCCR-Mageuzi kwa lengo la kufanya ushushushu na baadaye kurudi CCM kama alivyofanya mwaka 2000, bali alikwenda huko baada ya haki yake kuminywa na viongozi wa CCM wa wakati huo. Alieleza kuwa baada ya uchakachuaji huo katika kura za maoni, aliamua kwenda Makao Makuu ya CCM, Lumumba, jijini Dar es Salaam kukata rufaa, lakini hata huko hakutendewa haki, kwani rufaa yake iliwekwa kiporo na ingesikilizwa baada ya uchaguzi mkuu. Mgogoro ulivyoanza “Nataka mwelewe kwamba mimi sikwenda upinzani kwa sababu nilikuwa napingana na sera za CCM. Kwanza 1985 nilikuwa mbunge na ndiyo maana Rais Ali Hassan Mwinyi aliniteua kuwa waziri wa kilimo,” alisema Wasira na kuongeza; “Mwaka 1990 niliacha kugombea kwa kumwachia Jaji Warioba. Kwa sababu kama utakumbuka mwaka 1985 Warioba alikuwa ameteuliwa kuwa mbunge na waziri mkuu na makamu wa kwanza wa rais.” Wasira alisema aliamua kumwachia Jaji Warioba kwa kumheshimu kwani aliamini ingekuwa kampeni ngumu kwamba waziri mkuu anachuana na waziri wa kilimo, ingawa hata hivyo, alisema iwapo angeamua kuchuana naye angemshinda. “Lakini lile jimbo lilikuwa la kwangu kwa sababu mimi ni kiongozi kutokea chini kwenda juu na mwenzangu Warioba ni mwanasiasa wa kutokea juu kwenda chini,” alisema. Wasira ambaye alionekana kuukumbuka vizuri mgogoro huo alisema, “Hiyo ndiyo tofauti iliyopo. Kwa hiyo kama mimi ningeamua kuchuana naye, angeshindwa mwaka huo wa 1990. Sasa faida yenyewe iko wapi?” alihoji Wasira. “Mimi nikaamua kujitoa si kwa kumwogopa Warioba, hapana. Hii ilinipa sifa nzuri kwa sababu Mwalimu (Julius Nyerere) aliniambia umefanya jambo la heshima sana,” alisema. Hata hivyo, Wasira alisema ilishangaza kuona Mwalimu Nyerere alimsifia kwa uamuzi wake huo, lakini Warioba mwenyewe aliyeachiwa jimbo hilo hajamsifia wala kumpongeza. Alisema katika kipindi chote cha miaka mitano aliyomwachia Warioba jimbo hilo, wananchi hawakupata huduma nzuri hivyo wakamtaka yeye arudi mwaka 1995. “Wapigakura wetu hawakupata huduma nzuri sana katika miaka hiyo mitano. Labda kwa kuwa alikuwa mtu mwenye shughuli nyingi sana kwa hiyo hakugusa msingi wa watu wa kawaida, kukawa na manung’uniko mengi,” alisema Wasira na kuongeza; “Walinung’unika sana kwamba mimi nimewaacha nimekabidhi jimbo lao kwa mtu ambaye hayuko karibu na wao, basi kukawa na demand (hitaji) la mimi kurudi. Sasa mwaka 1995 mimi nikarudi kupitia CCM. Hiyo ndiyo nataka mjue.” Alifafanua kuwa wakati huo kura ya maoni ilikuwa ikifanyika kata kwa kata ikiwahusisha mabalozi wa nyumba kumi na walipofanya kura hiyo katika kata kumi kati ya 12 yeye (Wasira) akawa ameshinda kata nane za jimbo hilo. “Nikawa nimeshinda nane yeye ameshinda mbili, lakini zimebaki nyingine mbili. Kati ya mbili zilizobaki, moja ni ya nyumbani kwake kwa hiyo ili ashinde ilikuwa sasa lazima aweze kufanya mbinu,” alidai Wasira katika mahojiano hayo. Wasira alisema mbinu iliyotumiwa na Jaji Warioba wakati huo ilikuwa ni kuwafanya wananchi karibu wote wa kata hiyo wapige kura upande wake badala ya mabalozi wa nyumba kumi kama Katiba ya CCM ilivyokuwa inaelekeza. “Unaweza uka-imagine (kufikiria) kijiji chote sasa kinapiga kura, kila mtu akageuka kuwa balozi wa nyumba kumi. Kwa ajili ya ku-offset (kuondoa) tofauti kati ya ushindi wangu wa kata nane ili uweze kujibiwa na kata moja,” alisema Wasira. Alisema hali hiyo ilimfanya ajitoe katika kinyang’anyiro hicho baada ya kutoridhishwa na namna uongozi wa CCM Wilaya ya Bunda ulivyoshindwa kuingilia kati suala hilo la wazi. Ashtaki kwa makao makuu Waziri Wasira alisema baada ya kuona suala hilo limeshindwa kupata mwafaka, yeye na wazee kadhaa wa jimbo hilo walifunga safari hadi makao makuu ya CCM jijini Dare es Salaam ili kumshtaki Jaji Warioba. “Sasa manung’uniko tukayaleta makao makuu ya chama wakati ule Lawrence Gama (Marehemu) ndio alikuwa katibu mkuu. Tukaja kukata rufaa na wazee wa CCM kutoka Bunda wanasema uchaguzi si sawa,” alisema Wasira na kuongeza; “Wale wazee sasa tulipokuja kwa mheshimiwa Gama akatuambia hilo tatizo lenu tutalishughulikia baada ya uchaguzi. Tukasema hii hakuna haki sasa, maana baada ya uchaguzi wakati uchaguzi ndiyo hoja, haukuendeshwa vizuri?” “Tulitarajia katibu mkuu atasema anaingilia kati ili uchaguzi urudiwe, sasa badala ya kusema unarudiwa anasema kesi itasikilizwa baada ya uchaguzi, tukawa njiapanda mimi pamoja na wale wazee tuliokuja nao Dar es Salaam.” Kuhamia NCCR-Mageuzi Wasira alisema kutokana na kukasirishwa na namna marehemu Gama alivyoshughulikia suala hilo, wale wazee walimweleza kuwa jimbo hilo lingeangukia mikononi mwa upinzani kwa kuwa Jaji Warioba alikuwa hakubaliki kwa wananchi. “Wakaniambia hata usiposimama wewe sasa, kwa sababu hutasimama kupitia CCM akisimama mtu mwingine wa vyama vya upinzani atachukua na ambaye anaweza kuwa dhaifu zaidi,” alisema Wasira na kuongeza kuwa; “Kwa hiyo wale wazee wakaniambia utoke CCM uende chama kingine ili uchukue lile jimbo uendelee kuongoza. Lakini wao wakasema hawatoki CCM watanipigia kura wakiwa huko huko.” “Sikwenda NCCR-Mageuzi kwa sababu nilikuwa napinga sera za CCM, hapana. Nilienda kunusuru jimbo kwa sababu nimeshindwa kupata jibu CCM,” alisema Wasira na kueleza kuwa huo ndiyo ulikuwa mwanzo wa kuhamia NCCR-Mageuzi. “Kwa hiyo nikaenda NCCR-Mageuzi, (hicho chama) bado kipo niliingia bila kujua madhumuni na mpaka leo bado sijasoma madhumuni hayo, lakini nikaenda. Unaingia chama siku hiyo hiyo unapewa na kadi na uteuzi hapo hapo,” alisema Wasira. Warioba kortini Waziri Wasira alisema baada ya kupata kadi na uteuzi wa kuwa mgombea ubunge Jimbo la Bunda kwa tiketi ya NCCR-Mageuzi, walirudi Bunda na aligombea na kumshinda Jaji Warioba. “Tukaenda tukagombea ubunge tukamshinda Warioba. Nikawa mbunge na bwana Warioba akakimbilia mahakamani. Warioba ni jaji, sasa kesi ya tumbili unampelekea nyani sina hakika sana kama nitashinda. Siwezi kusema zaidi ya hapo.” Wasira alisema Mahakama Kuu ilisikiliza shauri hilo la kupinga matokeo ya uchaguzi na kuamua kutengua ubunge wake na kumzuia kugombea ubunge kwa kipindi cha miaka mitano kwa kuridhika na madai ya ushindi wake kugubikwa na rushwa. “Tumefanya kesi nimezuiwa kugombea tena, tumekaa, nikaenda kuuza samaki zangu pale Msasani (Dar es Salaam) kwenye kituo changu cha Cold Storage maana huwezi kusema kwa vile umetoka basi kazi yako ni kusubiri ufe, lazima utafute suluhisho,” alisema. “Nilifanyafanya pale vibiashara na vyenyewe havilipi lakini haikupita muda mrefu sana nikaamua kurudi CCM,” alisema na kuongeza; kwa sababu mimi kwa kweli historia yangu ni ya ndani ya CCM tangu nina miaka 13, sasa utaenda wapi, lakini siyo kwamba historia haikuandikwa, historia imeandikwa na uzoefu nimepata.” Kuhusu upinzani Wasira alisema hivi karibuni alikutana na mtu mmoja ambaye hata hivyo hakutaka kumtaja, akimtaka ampe uzoefu wake kuhusu vyama vya upinzani nchini kwa kuwa yeye aliwahi kuwa huko. “Nikamwambia mimi naviona kama ni vya watu binafsi. Kwa mwenye chama chake huwezi kusema lolote. Aliyekianzisha ndiye huyo huyo anaendelea nacho,” alisema na kuongeza; “Ukijaribu kupambana naye unapata matatizo. Mrema (Augustino wa TLP) alipata matatizo sana NCCR-Mageuzi kwa sababu kile chama kilikuwa cha Marando (Mabere) na Mbatia (James).” Wasira alisema chama hicho kilimkodisha Mrema mwaka 1994 kwa kuwa alionekana kama ana nguvu kidogo, lakini baada ya kumalizika kwa Uchaguzi Mkuu wakamtosa. “Wakagombana na Marando. Marando tukamwambia si mtoke wote akasema hakuna, bora kifo. Hilo ndilo tatizo la vyama hivyo vipya, anayevianzisha ndiye anaendelea tu na demokrasia ni ndogo sana,” alisisitiza Wasira.
“Wala msijidanganye sana ukaona televisheni watu wanapiga makofi siyo rahisi. Hao waanzilishi wa hivyo vyama siyo rahisi kutoka na mifano ipo wala sitaki kutaja majina ya watu kwa sababu mnawajua na vyama mnavijua.” “Siwezi kujuta kutoka CCM kwenda NCCR- Mageuzi kwa sababu nilikuwa natafuta haki na haki zina gharama. Unachojutia ni nini, si uamuzi niliufanya mimi na haki nilinyimwa mimi nikaitafuta kwa njia nyingine sasa kujuta unajutia nini?” alihoji. Makosa ya uteuzi CCM Mbunge huyo wa Bunda ambaye pia anatajwatajwa kuwania urais, alibainisha kuwa kushindwa kwa CCM katika baadhi ya majimbo baada ya vyama vingi nchini, kulichangiwa na uteuzi mbovu wa wagombea na mizengwe kwa wale walioongoza kura za maoni. “CCM ni taasisi inayoongozwa na wanadamu wala siyo kwamba yenyewe huwa haifanyi makosa. Ni taasisi ya kibinadamu tu. Mahali pote CCM tulishindwa kwenye majimbo, tulishindwa kutokana na makosa yetu katika uteuzi,” alisema Wasira.
“Shibuda (John) ni mfano mmojawapo, lakini majimbo ya Iringa Mjini, Mbeya, Musoma Mjini, Arusha na Lindi, mahali popote unaposikia CCM imeshindwa lazima kuna makosa fulani imefanya halafu hao wapinzani wakapita.” CREDIT: MWANANCHI

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THIRD DRAFT TANZANIA CONSTITUTION AMENDMENT

Mwenyekiti wa Bunge Maalum la Katiba, Samuel Sitta
Mambo yameiva, na hii hapa ndiyo Rasimu ya Tatu ya Katiba, ambayo inapendekezwa na Bunge Maalum. Vipengele vingi vimebadilishwa. Haya hapa ni mambo ya Muungano:
Mambo ya Muungano
1. Katiba na Mamlaka ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania.
2. Ulinzi na usalama wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania. 3. Usalama na usafiri wa anga. 4. Uraia na uhamiaji. 5. Jeshi la Polisi. 6. Sarafu na Benki Kuu. 7. Kodi ya Mapato inayolipwa na watu binafsi na Mashirika, ushuru wa forodha na ushuru wa bidhaa zinazotengenezwa nchini Tanzania na zinazosimamiwa na Idara ya Forodha.
8. Mambo ya nje. 9. Usajili wa vyama vya siasa. 10. Mahakama ya Juu na Mahakama ya Rufani. 11. Elimu ya Juu. 12. Baraza la Taifa la Mitihani na mambo yote yanayohusika na kazi za Baraza hilo. 13. Utabiri wa hali ya hewa.
14. Utumishi katika Serikali ya Jamhuri ya Muungano.


SOMA HAPA RASIMU YATATU

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Message from the Vice Chancellor UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM (UDSM)

         

  ,                                            Prof. Rwekaza S. Mukandala
                                                       Vice-Chancellor
We are delighted that you have decided to undertake your tertiary studies at the University of Dar es Salaam or are considering to do so. This website describes the range of our courses and different activities done at the University which will give you a flavour of life in our various campuses.

The University of Dar es Salaam is a unique community of students and staff dedicated to bringing out the best in all its members. Our aim is to provide the best possible environment for teaching, learning research and public services, and our track record of success is well known in East Africa, Africa and the rest of the world. We will continue to ensure that your years at this University will be filled with excitement and experiences that you can treasure for a lifetime. We also recognize that the quality of student experiences derives from more than academic study. That is why the University encourages students to join and actively participate in activities of the Students. Union and use the various sports and recreational facilities available, e.g. swimming pool,cricket, athletics and soccer fields. The University of Dar es Salaam is also at the interface of national and international higher education innovations and initiatives.

The University has taken all reasonable steps to make sure that the information on this website about course content, structure, teaching facilities and staffing are accurate and up-to-date. Students are however warned that the demand for certain courses and the availability of staff and resources means that the University cannot guarantee that all courses featured in this website will necessarily be offered. Some courses may have to be withdrawn, or combined with others, or their content changed as resources dictate or permit.

Students and/or prospective students must therefore understand the needs or pressures for change and must also understand when the University expressly states that it shall not be held liable for any claim for damages (including economic damage) or costs(including legal costs) to any student who complains or takes legal action because the course s/he expected or wished to pursue has become unavailable or changed in content.

Having made this disclaimer, I hope you will find this website helpful and interesting. Should you not find what you are looking for, please let us know and we will try to help.

We warmly welcome you, if you are already here, and look forward to hearing from you if you have not yet decided.

CLICK HERE TO SEE THE LIST OF NAMES

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RELIGIOUS LEADERS CALL FOR END OF KILLING PEOPLE WITH ALBINISM

On February 15, two men chopped off the arm of 10-year-old Mwigulu Matonange in Msia village, Rukwa region, Tanzania. (Under The Same Sun)

ALL TANZANIANS are asked to join the campaign of avoiding the killing of people with albinism
Both religious, government and non government organizations are now looking for the way forward  to  help to stop the killing of albino.
AIC (T) At MAKONGORO CHURCH-Mwanza campained that people should stop killing people with albinism because it is against humanity and its is sign to God, so before the country is judged for killing and before God demand their blood on our country, people should stop such kind of habit Pastor said;
People with albinism are like the other people with the right to live, added saying that  and we are all equal before GOD so we should not discriminate ourselves.

The blog team join also to educate the society that people with albinism are like other people in the society and the notion that, parts of their body can cause some one to become rich its false.
please society stop killing people with albinism

let us be humans, GOD help TANZANIAS TO STOP KILLING PEOPLE WITH ALBINISM

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